《植物生理学报》 2017, 53(4): 555-562

刺槐和多花刺槐的有性生殖特性

毛秀红^1,2, 荀守华^2,*, 乔玉玲², 孙百友³, 张元帅³, 董玉峰², 位晓⁴, 郑勇奇^1,*

¹中国林业科学研究院林业所, 国家林木遗传育种重点实验室/国家林业局森林培育重点实验室, 北京100091; ²山东省林业科学研究院/山东省林木遗传改良重点实验室, 济南250014; ³费县大青山林场, 山东费县273402; ⁴胜利油田胜大集团, 山东东营257083

通信作者：荀守华；E-mail: xshsdxpz@163.com; zyq8565@126.com

摘　要：

为准确掌握刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)和多花刺槐(Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians Dieck)开花结实有性生殖生物学特性, 为杂交育种奠定基础, 对这两种刺槐的开花物候期、花器官形态结构、人工控制授粉结实率、自然授粉结实率、自花授粉结实率、孤雌生殖结实率、子房胚珠数和空胚率等开展了观测和试验研究。结果表明, 刺槐和多花刺槐在鲁中至鲁南地区的开花物候期在4月下旬至5月上旬; 刺槐始花期只有1 d, 盛花期2 d, 末花期2~3 d, 而多花刺槐始花期2 d, 盛花期3 d, 末花期4 d; 雌、雄蕊异熟; 刺槐自然授粉结实率个体之间差异显著, 平均结实率为26.02%, 而多花刺槐自然授粉结实率极低, 平均仅为0.11%, 因此只适宜做杂交父本; 刺槐种内无性系之间人工控制异花授粉结实率平均只有1.7%, 而刺槐种间人工控制异花授粉结实率只有0.21%; 刺槐自花授粉和孤雌生殖结实率分别是1.8%和0; 刺槐每个荚果胚珠数平均18个, 空胚率很高, 平均达53.94%, 而多花刺槐每个荚果胚珠数平均22个, 空胚率极高, 平均达87.61%; 刺槐自胚珠受精至种子生长发育成熟需要80~90 d, 而多花刺槐仅需要70~80 d。

关键词：刺槐; 多花刺槐; 开花物候期; 异花授粉; 结实率

收稿：2017-01-03   修定：2017-03-20

资助：国家林业公益性行业专项(201304116)。

Sexual reproduction characteristic of Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians

MAO Xiu-Hong^1,2, XUN Shou-Hua^2,*, QIAO Yu-Ling², SUN Bai-You³, ZHANG Yuan-Shuai³, DONG Yu-Feng², WEI Xiao⁴, ZHENG Yong-Qi^1,*

¹State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; ²Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Tree Genetic Improvement / Shandong Academy of Forestry, Jinan 250014, China; ³Daqingshan Forest Farm, Fei County, Shandong 273402, China; ⁴Shengda Group, Shengli Oilfield, Dongying, Shandong 257083, China

Corresponding author: XUN Shou-Hua; E-mail: xshsdxpz@163.com; zyq8565@126.com

Abstract:

Observation and experiments were performed on blossom phenophase, flower organ morphology, maturing rate of artificial cross-pollination, natural pollination, self-fertilization and parthenogenesis, ovary ovule number and empty embryo rate etc. to accurately grasp the biological characteristics of flowering, fructification and sexual reproduction of Robinia pseudoacacia and R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians, which can lay a foundation for cross breeding. The results were as follows. The blossom phenophase of the two plants was from the end of April to early May in the middle and the southern region of Shandong Province. Early flowering season of R. pseudoacacia lasted only 1 d, full-bloom stage sustained 2 d, and at the end of the flowering continued 2–3 d, while early flowering season of R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians lasted 2 d, full-bloom stage sustained 3 d, and at the end of the flowering was 4 d. The two species were dichogamous. The natural pollination rate of R. pseudoacacia was significantly different between individuals with the average maturing rate was 26.02%, whereas the natural pollination seed setting rate of R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians was extremely low with an average of only 0.11%, therefore it is only suitable for male parent. The manual cross-pollination seed setting rate of R. pseudoacacia intraspecific clones and interspecific acacias was only 1.7% and 0.21%, respectively. The maturing rate of self-fertilization and parthenogenesis in R. pseudoacacia are 1.8% and 0. There were 18 and 22 ovules on average in each pod of R. pseudoacacia and R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians, respectively. Empty embryo rate of each pod in R. pseudoacacia is very high, with an average of 53.94%, while the empty embryo rate of each pod in R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians is extremely high, with an average of 87.61%; The seeds of R. pseudoacacia and R. neo-mexicana var. luxurians needed 80–90 d and 70–80 d from fertilization of the ovule to maturation, respectively.

Key words: Robinia pseudoacacia; Robinia neo-mexicana var. luxurians; blossom phenophase; cross-pollination; seed setting rate